The Miracles of the Quran
THE MIRACLES OF THE QURAN
"There is no God but ALLAH and MUHAMMAD (sal Allahu alayhi wa sallam) is HIS MESSENGER."
"Praise be to Allah. He will show you His Signs and you will recognize them..." (Surat an-Naml: 93)
A. ASTRONOMY
1. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
"He is the Originator of the heavens and the earth." (The Qur'an, 6:101)
This information given in the Qur'an is in full agreement with the findings of contemporary science. The conclusion that astrophysics has reached today is that the entire universe, together with the dimensions of matter and time, came into existence as a result of a great explosion that occurred in no time. This event, known as "The Big Bang" proved that the universe was created from nothingness as the result of the explosion of a single point. Modern scientific circles are in agreement that the Big Bang is the only rational and provable explanation of the beginning of the universe and of how the universe came into being.
2. THERE WAS AN INITIAL GASEOUS MASS BEFORE THE CREATION OF GALAXIES
Scientists say that before the galaxies in the universe were formed,celestial matter
was initially in the form of gaseous matter. In short, huge gaseous matter or clouds were present before the formation of the galaxies.To describe initial celestial matter, the word "smoke" is more appropriate than gas.The following Qur'anic verse refers to this state of the universe by the word "dhukhan" which means smoke.
"Moreover, He Comprehended In His design the sky, And it had been (as) smoke:He said to it And to the earth:'Come ye together, Willingly or unwillingly.'They said 'We do come (Together), in willing obedience.'" [AL-QUR'AN 41:11]
"Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder, and We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" (The Qur'an, 21:30)
The word ratq translated as "sewn to" means "mixed in each, blended" in Arabic dictionaries. It is used to refer to two different substances that make up a whole. The phrase "we unstitched" is the verb fataqa in Arabic and implies that something comes into being by tearing apart or destroying the structure of ratq. The sprouting of a seed from the soil is one of the actions to which this verb is applied.
Let us take a look at the verse again with this knowledge in mind. In the verse, sky and earth are at first subject to the status of ratq. They are separated (fataqa) with one coming out of the other. Intriguingly, when we remember the first moments of the Big Bang, we see that a single point included all the matter in the universe. In other words, everything, including "the heavens and earth" which were not created yet, were included in this point in a condition of ratq. This point exploded violently, causing its matter to fataqa and in the process created the structure of the whole universe.
3. THE SPHERICAL SHAPE OF THE EARTH
In early times ,people believed that the earth is flat.For centuries,men were afraid to venture out too far,lest they should fall off the edge.Sir Francis Drake was the first person who proved that the earth is spherical when he sailed around it in 1597.
Consider the following Qur'anic verse:
"Seest thou not that ALLAH merges Night into Day And HE merges Day into Night?" [AL-QUR'AN 31:29]
Merging here means that the night slowly and gradually changes to day and vice versa.This phenomenon can only take place if the earth is spherical.If the earth was flat,there would have been a sudden change from night to day and from day to night.
The following verse also alludes to the spherical shape of the earth:
"HE created the heavens And the earth In true(proportions): HE makes the Night Overlap the Day,and the Day Overlap the night." [AL-QUR'AN 39:5]
The Arabic word used here is Kawwaara meaning 'to overlap' or to coil' ---the way a turban is wound around the head.The overlapping or coiling of the day and night can only take place if the earth is spherical. The earth is not exactly round like a ball, but geo-spherical i.e. it is flattened at the poles.The following verse contains a description of the earth's shape:
"And the earth, moreover, Hath HE made egg shaped" [AL-QUR'AN 79:30]
The Arabic word for egg here is dahaha which means an ostrich-egg.The shape of an ostrich-egg resembles the geo-spherical shape of the earth.The Arabic word 'dahaha' has been translated by A.YUSUF ALI as 'vast expanse', which is also correct.The word 'dahaha' also means an ostrich-egg. Thus the QUR'AN correctly describes the shape of the earth, though the prevalent notion when the QUR'AN was revealed was that the earth is flat.
4. THE LIGHT OF THE MOON IS REFLECTED LIGHT
It was believed by earlier civilizations that the moon emanates its own light.Science now tells us that the light of the moon is reflected light.However this fact was mentioned in the QUR'AN 1,400 years ago in the following verse:
"Blessed is HE WHO made Constellations in the skies, And placed therein a Lamp And a Moon giving light." [AL-QUR'AN 25:61]
The Arabic word for the sun in the QUR'AN, is 'shams'.It is referred to as 'siraaj' which means a 'torch' or as 'wahhaaj' which means 'a blazing lamp' or as 'diya' which means 'a shining glory'.All three descriptions are appropriate to the sun, since it generates intense heat and light by its internal combustion.The Arabic word for the moon is 'qamar' and it is described in the QUR'AN as 'muneer' which is a body that gives 'nur' i.e. light.Again, the Qur'anic description matches perfectly with the true nature of the moon which does not give off light itself and is an inert body that reflects the light of the sun.Not once in the QUR'AN, is the moon mentioned as 'siraaj', wahhaaj' or 'diya' or the sun as 'nur' or 'muneer'.This implies that the QUR'AN recognizes the difference between the nature of sunlight and moonlight. Consider the following verses related to the nature of light from the sun and the moon:
"It is HE who made the sun To be a shining glory And the moon to be a light (Of beauty)." [AL-QUR'AN 10:5]
"See ye not How ALLAH has created The seven heavens One above another, And made the moon A light in their midst, and made the sun As a (Glorious) Lamp?" [AL-QUR'AN 71:15-16]
5. THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
"And it is We who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We who are steadily expanding it." (The Qur'an, 51:47)
The word "heaven", as stated in this verse, is used in various places in the Qur'an with the meaning of space and universe. Here again, the word is used with this meaning. In other words, in the Qur'an it is revealed that the universe "expands". And this is the very conclusion that science has reached today.
Until the dawn of the 20th century, the only view prevailing in the world of science was that "the universe has a constant nature and it has existed since infinite time". The research, observations, and calculations carried out by means of modern technology, however, have revealed that the universe in fact had a beginning, and that it constantly "expands".
6. THE SUN ROTATES
For a long time European philosophers and scientists believed that the earth stood still in the centre of the universe and every other body including the sun moved around it. In the West, this geocentric concept of the universe was prevalent right from the time of Ptolemy in the second century B.C. In 1512, Nicholas Copernicus put forward his Heliocentric Theory of Planetary Motion, which asserted that the sun is motionless at the centre of the solar system with the planets revolving around it.
In 1609, the German scientist Yohannus Keppler published the 'Astronomia Nova'. In this he concluded that not only do the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, they also rotate upon their axes at irregular speeds.With this knowledge it became possible for European scientists to explain correctly many of the mechanisms of the solar system including the sequence of night and day. After these discoveries, it was thought that the Sun was stationary and did not rotate about its axis like the Earth.I remember having studied this fallacy from Geography books during my school days. Consider the following Qur'anic verse:
"It is HE WHO created The Night and the Day, And the sun and the moon: All (the celestial bodies) Swim along, each in its Rounded course." [AL-QUR'AN 21:33]
The Arabic word used in the above verse is 'yasbahun'.The word 'yasbahun' is derived from the word 'sabaha'. It carries with it the idea of motion that comes from any moving body.If you use the word for a man on the ground, it would not mean that he is rolling but would mean he is walking or running.If you use the word for a man in water it would not mean that he is floating but would mean that he is swimming.
Similarly, if you use the 'yasbah' for a celestial body such as the sun it would not mean that it is only flying through space but would mean that it is also rotating as it goes through space.Most of the school textbooks have incorporated the fact that the sun rotates about its axis.The rotation of the sun about its own axis can be proved with the help of an equipment that projects the image of the sun on the table top so that one can examine the image of the sun without being blinded.It is noticed that the sun has spots which complete a circular motion once every 25 days i.e. the sun takes approximately 25 days to rotate around its axis. In fact, the sun travels through space at roughly 150 miles per second, and takes about 200 million years to complete one revolution around the center of our Milky Way Galaxy.
"It is not permitted To the Sun to catch up The Moon, nor can The Night outstrip the Day: Each (just) swims along In (its own) orbit (According to Law)." [AL-QUR'AN 36:40]
This verse mentions an essential fact discovered by modern astronomy, i.e. the existence of the individual orbits of the Sun and the Moon, and their journey through space with their own motion. The 'fixed place' towards which the sun travels, carrying with it the solar system , has been located exactly by modern astronomy.It has been given a name, the Solar Apex.The solar system is indeed moving in space towards a point situated in the constellation of Hercules (alpha Lyrae) whose exact location is firmly established. The moon rotates around its axis in the same duration that it takes to revolve around the earth.It takes approximately 29 1/2 days to complete one rotation. One cannot help but be amazed at the scientific accuracy of the Qur'anic verses. Should we not ponder over the question:
"What was the source of knowledge contained in the QUR'AN?"
"And the sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. " (The Qur'an, 36:38)
These facts communicated in the Qur'an have been discovered by astronomical observations in our age. According to the calculations of experts on astronomy, the Sun is traveling at the enormous speed of 720,000 kilometers an hour in the direction of the star Vega in a particular orbit called the Solar Apex. This means that the sun travels roughly 17,280,000 kilometers a day. Along with the Sun, and all planets and satellites within the gravitational system of the Sun also travel the same distance. In addition, all the stars in the universe are in a similar planned motion.
"By the sky full of paths and orbits." (The Qur'an, 51:7)
There are about 200 billion galaxies in the universe, consisting of nearly 200 billion stars in each. Most of these stars have planets, and most of those planets have satellites. All of these heavenly bodies move in very precisely computed orbits. For millions of years, each has been "swimming" along in its own orbit in perfect harmony and order with all the others. Moreover, many comets also move along in the orbits determined for them.
7. THE SUN WILL EXTINGUISH AFTER A CERTAIN PERIOD
The light of the sun is due to a chemical process on its surface that has been taking place continuously for the past five billion years.It will come to an end at some point of time in the future when the sun will be totally extinguished leading to extinction of all life on earth.Regarding the impermanence of the sun's existence the QUR'AN says:
"And the Sun Runs its course For a period determined For it; that is The decree of (HIM) The Exalted in Might, The All-Knowing." [AL-QUR'AN 36:38]{A similar message is conveyed in the QUR'AN in 13:2, 35:13, 39:5 and 39:21}
The Arabic word used here is 'mustaqarr' , which means a place or time that is determined. Thus the QUR'AN says that the sun runs towards a determined place, and will do so only up to a pre-determined period of time---meaning that it will end or extinguish.
8. SKY, PRESERVED AND PROTECTED ROOF
We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn away from Our Signs.." (The Qur'an, 21:32)
This attribute of the sky has been proved by scientific research carried out in the 20th century.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth serves crucial functions for the continuity of life. While destroying many meteors big and small as they approach the earth, it prevents them from falling to earth and harming living things.
9. NO FLAWNS
" Do they not look at the sky above them? How we have made it and adorned it, and there are no flaws in it?" (Qur’aan 50:6).
Then we asked him about the sky and whether it had any gaps or rifts in it. He disproved this and replied that what we are talking about is a branch of Astronomy called the "Integrated Cosmos" which we scientists have only come to know recently. For example, if you have a body in outer space which travels a certain distance in any direction and then travel the same distance in a different direction, you will find that the mass weight is the same in all directions. Because this body has its own equilibrium, the pressures from all directions are the same. Without this equilibrium, the whole universe would collapse.
10. MISSILES
And we adorned the lowest heaven with lamps and we made such (lamps) missiles to drive away satans. (Qur’aan 67:5).
Then we talked to Professor Armstrong about the attempts of scientists to reach the edge of the universe, and we asked him whether they were successful in this. He replied that they are fighting an uphill battle to the edge of the universe, we construct more powerful equipment to observe the universe only to discover that the new stars we see are still within our galaxy and that we have not yet reached the edge of the universe.
So turn thy vision again: Do you see any flaw? Again turn your vision a second time: (your) vision will come back to you dull and discomfited, in a state worn out (Qur’aan 67:3-4).
Indeed, all these stars are adornments for the lowest heaven. He says that scientists have not reached the end of the universe. Professor Armstrong added that because of this, they are thinking of stationing more telescopes in outer space so that their observations will not be obstructed by dust and other atmospheric impediments. Vision telescopes using light are unable to travel long distances, so we replaced them with radio operated ones enabling us to see further, but we nevertheless are still within the boundaries.
11. CALCULATION
Modern astronomers are aware that the stars and planets are kept within ranges of precise distances from each other. Had it not been for this fact, collision between them would be inevitable. The author of the Quran was also aware of this. In the Quran we read
"The sun and the moon (are subjected) to calculations (Quran 55:5).
The first of these verses is sura 55, verse 33: "O assembly of Jinns and Men, if you can penetrate regions of the heavens and the earth, then penetrate them! You will not penetrate them save with a Power."
B. GEOGRAPHY
1. THE WATER CYCLE
In 1580, Bernard Palissy was the first man to describe the present day concept of 'water cycle'. He described how water evaporates from the oceans and cools to form clouds.The clouds move inland where they rise, condense and fall as rain. This water gathers as lakes and streams and flows back to the ocean in a continuous cycle.In the 7th century B.C., Thales of Miletus believed that surface spray of the oceans was picked up by the wind and carried inland to fall as rain.In earlier times people did not know the source of underground water.They thought the water of the oceans, under the effect of winds, was thrust towards the interior of the continents.They also believed that the water returned by a secret passage, or the Great Abyss.This passage is connected to the oceans and has been called the 'Tartarus', since Plato's time.Even Descartes, a great thinker of the eighteenth century, subscribed to this view.Till the nineteenth century, Aristotle's theory was prevalent.According to this theory, water was condensed in cool mountain caverns and formed underground lakes that fed springs.Today, we know that the rainwater that seeps into the cracks of the ground is responsible for this. The water cycle is described by the QUR'AN in the following verses:
"Seest thou not that ALLAH Sends down rain from The sky, and leads it Through springs in the earth? Then HE causes to grow, Therewith, produce of various Colours." [AL-QUR'AN 39:21]
"HE sends down rain From the sky And with it gives life to The earth after it is dead: Verily in that are Signs For those who are wise." [AL-QUR'AN 30:24]
"And WE send down water From the sky according to (Due) measure, and WE cause it To soak in the soil; And WE certainly are able To drain it off(with ease)." [AL-QUR'AN 23:18]
No other text dating back 1400 years ago gives such an accurate description of the water cycle.
"By Heaven with its cyclical systems." (The Qur'an, 86:11)
This word interpreted as "cyclical" in Qur'an translations also has meanings of "sending back" or "returning".
As known, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth consists of many layers. Each layer serves an important purpose for the benefit of life. Research has revealed that these layers have the function of turning the materials or rays they are exposed to back into space or back down to the Earth. Now let us examine with a few examples of this "recycling" function of the layers encircling the Earth.
The troposphere, 13 to 15 kilometers above the Earth, enables water vapor rising from the surface of the Earth to be condensed and turn back as rain.
The ozone layer, at an altitude of 25 kilometers, reflects harmful radiation and ultraviolet light coming from space and turns both back into space.
The ionosphere, reflects radio waves broadcast from the Earth back down to different parts of the world, just like a passive communications satellite, and thus makes wireless communication, radio, and television broadcasting possible over long distances.
The magnetosphere layer turns the harmful radioactive particles emitted by the Sun and other stars back into space before they reach the Earth.
2. THE PRESENCE OF INTERSTELLAR MATTER
Space outside organized astronomical systems was earlier assumed to be a vacuum. Astrophysicists later discovered the presence of bridges of matter in this interstellar space.These bridges of matter are called plasma, and consist of completely ionized gas containing equal number of free electrons and positive ions.Plasma is sometimes called the fourth state of matter ( besides the three known states viz. solid, liquid and gas).The QUR'AN mentions the presence of this interstellar material in the following verse:
"HE WHO created the heavens And the earth and all That is between." [AL-QUR'AN 25:59]
It would be ridiculous, for anybody to even suggest that the presence of interstellar galactic material was known 1400 years ago.
3. THE QUR'AN AND THE EARTH
“It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things." (The Qur'an, 2:29)
“Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate." (The Qur'an, 41:12)
The word "heavens", which appears in many verses in the Qur'an, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen that the Earth's sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers.
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Ozonosphere
4. Mesosphere
5. Thermosphere
6. Ionosphere
7. Exosphere
4. WINDS IMPREGNATE THE CLOUDS
"And WE send the fecundating winds, Then cause the rain to descend From the sky, therewith providing You with water (in abundance)." [AL-QUR'AN 15:22]
In this verse, it is pointed out that the first stage in the formation of rain is wind. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the only relationship between the wind and the rain that was known, was that the wind drove the clouds. However, modern meteorological findings have demonstrated the "fecundating" role of the wind in the formation of rain.
This fecundating function of the wind works in the following way:
On the surface of oceans and seas, countless air bubbles form because of the water's foaming action. The moment these bubbles burst, thousands of tiny particles, with a diameter of just one hundredth of a millimeter, are thrown up into the air. These particles, known as "aerosols", mix with dust carried from the land by the wind, and are carried to the upper layers of the atmosphere. These particles carried to higher altitudes by winds come into contact with water vapour up there. Water vapour condenses around these particles and turns into water droplets. These water droplets first come together and form clouds, and then fall to the Earth in the form of rain.
"It is God Who sends the winds which stir up clouds which He spreads about the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps and you see the rain come pouring out from the middle of them. When He makes it fall on those of His slaves He wills, they rejoice" (The Qur'an, 30:48)
"It is God Who sends the winds..."
Countless air bubbles formed by the foaming of the oceans continuously burst and cause water particles to be ejected towards the sky. These particles, which are rich in salt, are then carried away by winds and rise upward in the atmosphere. These particles, which are called aerosols, function as water traps, and form cloud drops by collecting around the water vapour themselves, which rises from the seas as tiny droplets.
".... which stir up clouds which He spreads about the sky however He wills. He forms them into dark clumps..."
The clouds are formed from water vapour that condenses around the salt crystals or dust particles in the air. Because the water droplets in these clouds are very small (with a diameter between 0.01 and 0.02 mm), the clouds are suspended in the air, and spread across the sky. Thus, the sky is covered in clouds.
"…and you see the rain come pouring our from the middle of them"
The water particles that surround salt crystals and dust particles thicken and form raindrops, so, drops that become heavier than the air leave the clouds and start to fall to the ground as rain.
"Have you not seen how God drives along the clouds, then joins them together, then makes them into a stack, and then you see the rain come out of it? And He sends down from the sky mountain masses (of clouds) with cold hail in them, striking with it anyone He wills and averting it from anyone He wills. The brightness of His lightning almost blinds the sight." (The Qur'an, 24:43)
1. STAGE, Being driven along: Clouds are carried along, that is, they are driven along, by the wind.
2. STAGE, Joining: Then, small clouds (cumulus clouds) driven along by the wind join together, forming a larger cloud.
3. STAGE, Stacking: When the small clouds join together, updrafts within the larger cloud increase. The updrafts near the centre of the cloud are stronger than those near the edges. These updrafts cause the cloud body to grow vertically, so the cloud is stacked up. This vertical growth causes the cloud body to stretch into cooler regions of the atmosphere, where drops of water and hail formulate and begin to grow larger and larger. When these drops of water and hail become too heavy for the updrafts to support them, they begin to fall from the cloud as rain, hail, etc. (Anthes, Richard A.; John J. Cahir; Alistair B. Fraser; and Hans A. Panofsky, 1981, The Atmosphere, s. 269; Millers, Albert; and Jack C. Thompson, 1975, Elements of Meteorology, s. 141-142)
C. GEOLOGY
1. MOUNTAINS ARE LIKE PEGS (STAKES)
In geology, the phenomenon of 'folding', is a recently discovered fact.Folding is responsible for the formation of mountain ranges.The earth's crust, on which we live, is like a solid shell, while the deeper layers are hot and fluid, and thus inhospitable to any form of life.It is also known that the stability of the mountains is linked to the phenomenon of folding, for it was the folds that were to provide foundations for the reliefs that constitute the mountains. Geologists tell us that the radius of the Earth is about 3,750 miles and the crust on which we live is very thin, ranging between 1 to 30 miles.Since, the crust is thin, it has a high possibility of shaking.Mountains act like stakes or tent pegs that hold the earth's crust and give it stability.The QUR'AN contains exactly such a description in the following verse:
"Have WE not made The earth as a wide Expanse, And the mountains as pegs?" [AL-QUR'AN 78:6-7]
The word 'awtad' means stakes or pegs (like those used to anchor a tent); they are the deep foundations of geological folds.A book named 'Earth' is considered as a basic reference textbook on geology in many universities around the world.One of the authors of this book is Frank Press, who was the President of the Academy of Sciences in the USA for 12 years and was the Scientific Advisor to former US President Jimmy Carter. In this book he illustrates the mountain in a wdge-shape and the mountain itself as a small part of the whole, whose root is deeply entrenched in the ground.{Earth, Press and Siever, p.435. Also see Earth Science, Tarbuck and Lutgens, p. 157} According to Dr. Press, the mountains play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth. The QUR'AN clearly mentions the function of the mountains in preventing the earth from shaking:
"We placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not move under them…" (The Qur'an, 21:31)
The Qur'anic descriptions are in perfect agreement with modern geological data.
As we have noticed, it is stated in the verse that mountains have the function of preventing shocks in the Earth.
According to these findings, mountains emerge as a result of the movements and collisions of massive plates forming the Earth's crust. When two plates collide, the stronger one slides under the other, the one on the top bends and forms heights and mountains. The layer beneath proceeds under the ground and makes a deep extension downward. That means that mountains have a portion stretching downwards, as large as their visible parts on the Earth.
2. MOUNTAINS FIRMLY FIXED
The surface of the earth is broken into many rigid plates that are about 100 km in thickness. These plates float on a partially molten region called aesthenosphere.
Mountain formations occur at the boumdary of the plates.The earth's crust is 5 km below oceans, about 35 km thick below flat continental surfaces and almost 80 km thick below great mountain ranges.These are the strong foundations on which mountains stand. The QUR'AN also speaks about the strong mountain foundations in the following verse:
"And the mountains Hath HE firmly fixed." [AL-QUR'AN 79:32]
{A similar message is contained in the QUR'AN in 88:19, 31:10 and 16:15}
3. MOUNTAINS LIKE CLOUDS
"You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like clouds." (The Qur'an, 27:88)
This motion of the mountains is caused by the movement of the Earth's crust that they are located on. The Earth's crust 'floats' over the mantle layer, which is denser. It was at the beginning of the 20th century when, for the first time in history, a German scientist by the name of Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents of the earth had been attached together when it first formed, but then drifted in different directions, and thus separated as they moved away from each other.
4. IRON , SENT DOWN
"…And We sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has many uses for mankind...." (The Qur'an, 57:25)
The word "sent down," particularly used for iron in the verse, could be thought of having a metaphorical meaning to explain that iron has been given to benefit people. But when we take into consideration the literal meaning of the word, which is, "being physically sent down from the sky", we realize that this verse implies a very significant scientific miracle.
This is because modern astronomical findings have disclosed that the iron found in our world has come from the giant stars in outer space.
D. OCEANOLOGY
1. BARRIER BETWEEN SWEET AND SALT WATERS
Consider the following Qur'anic verses:
"HE has let free The two bodies Of flowing water, Meeting together: Between them is a Barrier Which they do not transgress." [AL-QUR'AN 55:19:20]
In the Arabic text the word 'barzakh' means a barrier or a partition.The Arabic word 'maraja' literally means 'they both meet and mix with each other.' Early commentators of the QUR'AN were unable to explain the two opposite meanings for the two bodies of water, i.e. they meet and mix, and at the same time, there is a barrier between them.Modern Science has discovered that in places where two different seas meet, there is a barrier between them.This barrier divides the two seas so that each sea has ita own temperature, salinity and density.{Principles of Oceanography, Davis, pp. 92-93.}Oceanologists are now in a better position to explain this verse.There is a slanted unseen water barrier between the seas through which water from one sea passes to the other. But when the water from one sea enters the other sea, it loses its distinctive characteristic and becomes homogenized with the other water.In a way this barrier serves as a transitional homogenizing area for the two waters. This scientific phenonmenon mentioned in the QUR'AN was also confirmed by Dr. William Hay who is a well-known marine scientist and Professor og Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado, U.S.A.
The QUR'AN mentions this phenomenon also in the following verse:
"And made a separating bar Between the two bodies Of flowing water?" [AL-QUR'AN 27:61]
This phenomenon occurs in several places, including the divider between the Mediteranean and the Atlantic Ocean at Gibralter. But when the QUR'AN speaks about the divider between fresh and salt water, it mentions the exisence of ' a forbidding partition' with the barrier.
"It is HE WHO has Let free the two bodies Of flowing water: One palatable and sweet, And the other salty and bitter; Yet has HE Made a barrier between them, And a partition that is forbidden To be passed. [AL-QUR'AN 25:53]
Modern Science has discovered that in estuaries, where fresh(sweet) and salt water meet, the situation is somewhat different from that found in places where two seas meet.It has been discovered that what distinguishes fresh water from salt water in estuarie is a 'pycnocline zone with a marked density discontinuity separating the two layers."{Oceanography, Gross, p.242.Also see Introductory Oceanography, Thurman, pp. 300-301 ; Oceanography, Gross, p. 244 and Introductory Oceanography, Thurman, pp.300-301} This phenomenon occurs in several places, including Egypt, where the river Nile flows into the Medierranean Sea.
2. DARKNESS IN THE DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN
Prof. Durga Rao is an expert in the field of Marine Geology and was a professor at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah.He was asked to comment on the following verse:
"Or (the Unbelievers' state) Is like the depths of darkness In a vast deep ocean, Overwhelmed with billow Topped by billow, Topped by (dark) clouds: Depths of darkness, one Above another: if a man Stretches out his hand, He can hardly see it! For any to whom ALLAH Giveth not light, There is no light!" [AL-QUR'AN 21:40]
Prof. Rao said that scientists have only now been able to confirm, with the help of modern equipment that there is darkness in the depths of the ocean.Humans are unable to dive unaided underwater for more than 20 to 30 metres, and cannot survive in the deep oceanic regions at a depth of more than 200 metres.This verse does not refer to all seas because not every sea can be described as having accumulated darkness layered one over another.It refers especially to a deep sea or deep ocean, as the QUR'AN says, 'darkness in a vast deep ocean.' This layered darkness in a deep ocean is the result of two causes:
1. A light ray is composed of seven colours.These seven colours are Violet, Indigo, Blue. Green, Yellow, Orange and Red(VIBGYOR). The light ray undergoes refraction when it hits water.The upper 10 to 15 metres of water absorb the red colour.Therefore if a diver is 25 metres under water and gets wounded, he would not be able to see the red colour of his blood, because the red colour does not reach this depth.Similarly orange rays are absorbed at 30 to 50 metres, yellow at 50 to 100 metres, green at 100 to 200 metres, and finally, blue beyond 200 metres and violet and indigo above 200 metres. Due to successive disapperance of colour, one layer after another, the ocean progressively becomes darker, i.e. darkness takes place in layers of light. Below a depth of 1000 metres there is complete darkness.{Oceans, Elder and Pernetta, p.27}
2.The sun's rays are absorbed by clouds which in turn scatter light rays thus causing a layer of darkness under the clouds.This is the first layer of darkness. When light rays reach the surface of the ocean they are reflected by the wave surface giving it a shiny appearance. Therefore it is the waves which reflect light and cause darkness.The unreflected light penetrates into the depths of the ocean. Therefore the ocean has two parts. The surface characterized by light and warmth and the depth characterized by darkness. The surface is further separated from the deep part of the ocean by waves.The internal waves cover the deep waters of seas and oceans because the deep waters have a higher density than the waters above them.The darkness begins below the internal waves.Even the fish in the depths of the ocean cannot see; their only source of light is from their own bodies.The QUR'AN rightly mentions:
"Darkness in a vast deep ocean overwhelmed with waves topped by waves."
In other words, above these waves there are more types of waves, i.e. those found on the surface of the ocean.The Qur'anic verse continues,
"topped by (dark) clouds; depths of darkness, one above another."
These clouds as explained are barriers one over the other that further cause darkness by absorption of colours at different levels. Prof. Durga Rao concluded by saying, "1400 years ago a normal human being could not explain this phenomenon in so much detail. Thus the information must have come from a supernatural source."
In addition, the statement in verse 40 of Sura Nur "…like the darkness of a fathomless sea which is covered by waves above which are waves above which are clouds…" draws our attention to another miracle of the Qur'an.
Scientists have recently discovered that there are internal waves, which "occur on density interfaces between layers of different densities." These internal waves cover the deep waters of seas and oceans because deep water has a higher density than the water above it. Internal waves act like surface waves. They can break, just like surface waves. Internal waves cannot be seen by the human eye, but they can be detected by studying temperature or salinity changes at a given location. (Gross, M. Grant; 1993, Oceanography, a View of Earth, 6. edition, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc., s. 205)
3. WATER IN DUE MEASURE
"It is He who sends down water in due measure from the sky by which We bring a dead land back to life. That is how you too will be raised (from the dead)." (The Qur'an, 43:11)
This measured quantity in rain has again been discovered by modern research. It is estimated that in one second, approximately 16 million tons of water evaporates from the Earth. This figure amounts to 513 trillion tons of water in one year. This number is equal to the amount of rain that falls on the Earth in a year. This means that water continuously circulates in a balanced cycle, in a "measure". Life on Earth depends on this water cycle. Even if people used all the available technology in the world, they would not be able to reproduce this cycle artificially.
E. PHYSICS
1. THE EXISTENCE OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
In ancient times a well-known theory by the name of 'Theory of Atomism' was widely accepted.This theory was originally proposed by a man called Democritus, who lived about 23 centuries ago.Democritus and the people that came after him, assumed that the smallest unit of matter was the atom.The Arabs used to believe the same.The Arabic word 'dharrah' most commonly meant an atom.In recent times modern science has discovered that it is possible to split even an atom.That the atom can be split further is a development of the 20th century.Fourteen centuries ago this concept would have appeared unusual even to an Arab.For him the 'dharrah' was the limit beyond which one could not go.The following Qur'anic verse however, refuses to acknowledge this limit:
"The Unbelievers say, 'Never to us will come The Hour': say, 'Nay! But most surely, By my Lord, it will come Upon you---by HIM WHO knows the unseen---From WHOM is not hidden The least little in the Heavens or on earth: Nor is there anything less Than that, or greater, but Is in the Record Perspicuous.' " [AL-QUR'AN 34:3] {A similar message is conveyed in the QUR'AN in 10:61}
This verse refers to the Omniscience of God, His knowledge of all things, hidden or apparent. It then goes further and says that God is aware of everything, including what is smaller or bigger than the atom.Thus the verse clearly shows that it is possible for something smaller than the atom to exist, a fact discovered only recently by modern science.
2. PAIRS
“Glory be to Him Who created all the pairs: from what the earth produces and from themselves and from things unknown to them." (The Qur'an, 36:36)
Although the concept of ''pair'' or "couple" commonly stands for male and female, the statement of ''from things unknown to them'' has wider implications. Today, one of the implications of the verse has been revealed. The British scientist Paul Dirac, who proposed that matter is created in pairs, was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1933. This discovery, called ''parité'', maintains that matter is paired with its opposite: anti-matter. Anti-matter carries the opposite properties to matter. For instance, as opposed to matter, the electron of anti-matter is positively charged and its protons are negatively charged. This fact is stated in a scientific source in this way:
"...every particle has its antiparticle of opposite charge… …and the uncertainty relation tells us that pair creation and pair annihilation happen in the vacuum at all times, in all places."
F. BIOLOGY
1. EVERY LIVING THING IS MADE OF WATER
Consider the following Qur'anic verse:
"Do not the Unbelievers see That the heavens and the earth Were joined together( as one Unit of Creation), before WE clove them asunder?WE made from water Every living thing. Will they Not then believe?" [AL-QUR'AN 21:30]
Only after advances have been made in science, do we now know that cytoplasm, the basic substance of the cell is made up of 80% water. Modern research has also revealed that most organisms consist of 50% to 90% water and that every living entity requires water for its existence. Was it possible 14 centuries ago for any human being to guess that every living being was made of water? Moreover would such a guess be conceivable by a human being in the deserts of Arabia where there has always been scarcity of water? The following verse refers to the creation of animals from water:
"And ALLAH has created Every animal from water." [AL-QUR'AN 24:45]
The following verse refers to the creation of human beings from water:
"It is HE WHO has Created man from water: Then has HE established Relationships of linage And marriage: for thy Lord Has power( over all things)." [AL-QUR'AN 25:54]
2. SENSITIVI OF SKIN
“ Those who reject our signs. We shall soon cast into the fire; as often as their skins are roasted through. We shall change them for fresh skins, that they may taste the chastisement: for Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise” (Qur’aan 4:56).
So do you agree that this is a reference to the importance of the nerve endings in the skin in sensation, 1400 years ago?
Dr. Tagasone responded: Yes I agree. This knowledge about sensation had been known long before. Because it says that if somebody does something wrong, then he will be punished by burning his skin and then Allah puts a new skin in him, cover him, to make him know that the test is painful again. That means they knew many years ago that the receptor of pain sensation must be on the skin, so they put a new skin on.
The skin is the center of sensitivity to burns. Thus, if the skin is completely burnt by fire, it looses its sensitivity. It is for this reason that Allah will punish the unbelievers on the Day of Judgement by returning to them their skins time after time, as He, the Exalted and Glorified, said in the Qur’aan:
3. FORELOCK
"No indeed! If he does not stop, We will grab him by the forelock, a lying, sinful forelock." (The Qur'an, 96:15-16)
The _expression "the lying, sinful forelock" in the above verse is most interesting. Research carried out in recent years revealed that the prefrontal area, which is responsible for the management of particular functions of the brain, lies in the frontal part of the skull. Scientists only discovered the functions of this area, which the Qur'an pointed out 1,400 years ago, in the last 60 years. If we look inside the skull at the front of the head, we will find the frontal area of the cerebrum. A book entitled Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, which includes the results of the latest research on the functions of this area, says:
The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal area. This is a region of association cortex…(Seeley, Rod R.; Trent D. Stephens; and Philip Tate, 1996, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 2. edition, St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book Inc., s. 211; Noback, Charles R.; N. L. Strominger; and R. J. Demarest, 1991, The Human Nervous System, Introduction and Review, 4. edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger , s. 410-411)
4. FINGERPRINTS
"Does man think that WE Cannot assemble his bones? Nay, WE are able to put Together in perfect order The very tips of his fingers." [AL-QUR'AN 75:3-4]
Unbelievers argue regarding resurrection taking place after bones of dead people have disintegrated in the earth and how each individual would be identified on the Day of Judgement. ALMIGHTY ALLAH answers that HE can not only assemble our bones but can also reconstuct perfectly our very fingertips.Why does the QUR'AN, while speaking about determination of the identity of the individual, speak specifically about fingertips? In 1880, fingerprinting became the scientific method of identification, after research done by Sir Francis Golt. No two persons in the world can ever have exactly the same fingerprint pattern. That is the reason why police forces worldwide use fingerprints to identify the criminal. 1400 years ago who could have known the uniqueness of each human's fingerprint? Surely it could have been none other than the
G. BOTANY
1. PLANTS CREATED IN PAIRS, MALE AND FEMALE
Previously humans did not know that plants too have male and female gender distinctions. Botany states that every plant has a male and female gender. Even the plants that are unisexual have distinct elements of both male and female.
" 'And has sent Down water from the sky.' With it have WE produced Diverse pairs of plants Each separate from the others." [AL-QUR'AN 20:53]
2. FRUITS CREATED IN PAIRS, MALE AND FEMALE
"And fruit Of every kind HE made In pairs, two and two." [AL-QUR'AN 13:3]
Fruit is the end product of reproduction of the superior plants. The stage preceding fruit is the flower, which has male and female organs (stamens and ovules). Once pollen has been carried to the flower, they bear fruit, which in turn matures and frees its seed. All fruits therefore imply the existence of male and female organs; a fact that is mentioned in the QUR'AN. In certain species, fruit can come from non-fertilized flowers( parthenocarpic fruit) e.g. bananas, certain types of pineapple, fig, orange, vine, etc. They also have definite sexual characteristics.
3.EVERYTHING MADE IN PAIRS
"And of everything WE have created pairs." [AL-QUR'AN 51:49]
This refers to things other than humans, animals, plants and fruits. It may also be referring to a phenomenon like electricity in which the atoms consist of negatively---and positively---charged electrons and protons.
"Glory to ALLAH, WHO created In pairs all things that The earth produces, as well as Their own (human) kind And (other) things of which They have no knowledge." [AL-QUR'AN 36:36]
The QUR'AN here says that everything is created in pairs, including things that the humans do not know at present and may discover later.
H. ZOOLOGY
1. ANIMALS AND BIRDS LIVE IN COMMUNITIES
"There is not an animal (That lives) on the earth, Nor a being that flies On its wings, but (forms Part of) communities like you." [AL-QUR'AN 6:38]
Research has shown that animals and birds live in communities, i.e. they organize, and live and work together.
2. THE FLIGHT OF BIRDS
Regarding the flight of birds the QUR'AN says:
"Do they not look at The birds, held poised In the midst of (the air And) the sky? Nothing Holds them up but (the power Of )ALLAH. Verily in this Are Signs for those who believe." [AL-QUR'AN 16:79]
A similar message is repeated in the QUR'AN in the verse:
"Do they not observe The birds above them, Spreading their wings And foldfing them in? None can uphold them Except (ALLAH) Most Gracious: Truly it is HE That watches over all things." [AL-QUR'AN 67:19]
The Arabic word 'amsaka' literally means, 'to put one's hand on , seize , hold , hold someone back ,' which expresses the idea that ALLAH holds the bird up in HIS power. These verse stress the extremely close dependence of the birds' behaviour on Divine order. Modern scientific data has shown the degree of perfection attained by certain species of birds with regard to the programming of their movements. It is only the existence of a migratory programme in the genetic code of the birds that can explain the long and complicated journey that very young birds, without any prior experience and without any guide, are able to accomplish. They are also able to return to the departure point on a definite date. Prof. Hamburger in his book 'Power and Fragility' gives the example of 'mutton-bird' that lives in the Pacific with its journey of over 15,000 miles in the shape of figure '8'. It makes this journey over a period of 6 months and comes back to its departure point with a maximum delay of one week. The highly complicated instructions for such a journey have to be containes in the birds' nervous cells. They are definitely programmed.
Should we not reflect on the identity of this 'Programmer'?
3. THE BEE
"And thy Lord taught the Bee To build its cells in hills, On trees, and in (men;s) habitations; Then to eat of all The produce ( of the earth), And find with skill the spacious Paths of its Lord." [AL-QUR'AN 16:68-69]
Von-Frisch received the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his research on the behaviour and communication of the bees. The bee, after discovering any new garden or flower, goes back and tells its fellow bees the exact direction and map to get there, which is known as ' bee dance '. The meanings of this insect's movements that are intended to transmit information between worker bees have been discovered scientifically using photography and other methods. The QUR'AN mentions in the above verse how the bee finds with skill the spacious paths of its Lord. The worker bee or the soldier be is a female bee. In Surah AL-Nahl chapter no. 16, verses 68 and 69 the gender used for the bee is the female gender('fasluki' and 'kuli'), indicating that the bee that leaves its home for gathering food is a female bee. In other words the soldier or worker bee is a female bee. In fact, in Shakespeare's play, 'Henry the Fourth', some of the characters speak about bees and mention that the bees are soldiers and that they have a king. That is what people thought in Shakespearean times. They thought that the worker bees are male bees and they go home and are answerable to a king bee. This, however, is not true. The worker bees are females and they do not report to a king but to a queen bee. But it took modern investigations in the last 300 years to discover this.
4. SPIDER'S WEB/HOME IS FRAGILE
The QUR'AN mentions in Surah Al-Ankabut,
"The parable of those who Take protectors other than ALLAH Is that of the Spider, Who builds( to itself ) A house; but truly The flimsiest of houses Is the Spider's house---If they but knew." [AL-QUR'AN 29:41]
Besides giving the physical description of the spider's web as being flimsy, delicate and weak, the QUR'ANalso stresses on the flimsiness of the relationship in the spider's house, where the female spider many a times kills its mate, the male spider.
5. LIFESTYLE AND COMMUNICATION OF ANTS
Consider the following Qur'anic verse:
"And before Solomon were marshalled His hosts---of Jinns and men And birds, and they were all Kept in order and ranks.At length, when they came To a (lowly) valley of ants, One of the ants said: 'O ye ants, get into Your habitations, lest Solomon And his hosts crush you (Under foot) without knowing it.' " [AL-QUR'AN 27:17-18]
In the past, some people would have probably mocked at the QUR'AN, taking it to be a fairy tale book in which ants talk to each other and communicate sophisticated messages. In recent times , research has shown us several facts about the lifestyle of ants, which were not known earlier to humankind. Research has shown that the animals or insects whose lifestyle is closest in resemblance to the lifestyle of human beings are the ants. This can be seen from the following findings regarding ants:
(a) The ants bury their dead in a manner similar to the humans.
(b)They have a sophisticated system of division of labour, whereby they have managers, supervisors, foremen, workers, etc.
(c)Once in a while they meet among themselves to have a "chat'.
(d)They have an advanced method of communication among themselves.
(e)They hold regular markets wherein they exchange goods.
(f)They store grains for long periods in winter and if the grain begins to bud, they cut the roots, as if they understand that if they leave it to grow, it will rot. If the grains stored by them get wet due to rains, they take these grains out in to the sunlight to dry, and once these are dry, they take them back inside as though they know that humidity will cause development of root systems and thereafter rotting of the grain.
I. MEDICINE
1. HONEY HAS HEALING PROPERTIES
The bee assimilates juices of various kinds of flowers and fruit and forms within its body the honey, which it stores in its cells of wax. Only a couple of centuries ago man came to know that honey comes from the belly of the bee. This fact was mentioned in the QUR'AN 1,400 years ago in the following verse:
"There issues From within their bodies A drink of varying colours, Wherein is healing for men." [AL-QUR'AN 16:69]
We are now aware that honey has a healing property and also a mild antiseptic property.The Russians used honey to cover their wounds in World War II. The wound would retain moisture and would leave very little scar tissue.Due to the density of honey, no fungus or bacteria would grow in the wound. A person suffering from an allergy of a particular plant may be given honey from that plant so that the person develops resistance to that allergy. Honey is rich in fructose and vitamin K. Thus the knowledge contained in the QUR'AN regarding honey, its origin and properties, was far ahead of the time it was revealed.
J. PHYSIOLOGY
1. BLOOD CIRCULATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF MILK
The QUR'AN was revealed 600 years before the Muslim scientist Ibn Nafees described the circulation of the blood and 1000 years before William Harwey brought this understanding to the Western world. Roughly thirteen centuries before it was known what happens in the intestines to ensure that organs are nourished by the process of digestive absorption, a verse in the QUR'AN described the source of the constituents of milk, in conformity with these notions. To understand the Qur'anic verse concerning the above concepts, it is important to know that chemical reactions occur in the intestines and that, from there, substances extracted from food pass into the blood stream via a complex system; sometimes by way of the liver, depending on their chemical nature.The blood transports them to all the organs of the body, among which are the milk-producing mammary glands. In simple terms, certain substances from the contents of the intestines enter into the vessels of the intestinal wall itself, and these substances are transported by the blood stream to the various organs. This concept must be fully appreciated if we wish to understand the following verse in the QUR'AN
"And verily in cattle there is A lesson for you. WE give you to drink Of what is inside their bodies, Coming from a conjunction Between the contents of the Intestine and the blood, A milk pure and pleasant for Those who drink it." [AL-QUR'AN 16:66]{Translation of this Qur'anic verse is from the book The BIBLE, the QUR'AN and Science" by Dr. Maurice Bucaille}
"And in cattle (too) ye Have an instructive example: From within their bodies WE produce (milk) for you To drink; there are, in them, (Besides), numerous (other) Benefits for you; And of their (meat) ye eat." [AL-QUR'AN 23:21]
The Qur'anic description of the production of milk in cattle is strikingly similar to what modern physiology has discovered.
K.EMBRYOLOGY
1. MAN IS CREATED FROM ALAQ---A LEECH-LIKE SUBSTANCE
A few years ago a group of Arabs collected all information concerning embryology from the QUR'AN, and followed the instruction of the QUR'AN:
"If ye realise this not, ask Of those who possess the Message." [AL-QUR'AN 16:43 & 21:7]
All the information from the QUR'AN so gathered, was translated into English and presented to Prof. (Dr.) Keith Moore, who was the Professor of Embryology and Chairman of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Toronto, in Canada. At present he is one of the highest authorities in the field of Embryology. He was asked to give his opinion regarding the information present in the QUR'AN concerning the field of embryology. After carefully examining the translation of the Qur'anic verses presented to him, Dr. Moore said that most of the information concerning embryology mentioned in the QUR'AN is in perfect conformity with modern discoveries in the field of embryology and does not conflict with them in any way. He added that there were however a few verses, on whose scientific accuracy he could not comment. He could not say whether the statements were true or false, since he himself was not aware of the information contained therein.There was also mention of this information in modern writings and studies on embryology. One such verse is:
"Proclaim! (or Read!) In the name Of thy Lord and Cherisher, WHO created---Created man, out of A (mere) clot Of congealed blood." [AL-QUR'AN 96:1-2]
The word 'alaq' besides meaning a congealed clot of blood also means something that clings, a leech-like substance. Dr. Keith Moore had no knowledge whether an embryo in the initial stages appears like a leech. To check this out he studied the initial stage of the embryo under a very powerful microscope in his laboratory and compared what he observed with a diagram of a leech and he was astonished at the striking resemblance between the two! In the same manner, he acquired more information on embryology, that was hitherto not known to him, from the QUR'AN.
Dr. Keith Moore answered about eighty questions dealing with embryological data mentioned in the QUR'AN and HADITH. Noting that the information contained in the QUR'AN and HADITH was in full agreement with the latest discoveries in the field of embryology, Prof. Moore said, "If I was asked these questions thirty years ago, I would not have been able to answer half of them for lack of scientific information."
Dr. Keith Moore had earlier authored the book, 'The Developing Human'.After acquiring new knowledge from the QUR'AN, he wrote, in 1982, the 3rd edition of the same book, 'The Developing Human'. The book was the recipient of an award for the best medical book written by a single author.This book has been translated into several major languages of the world and is used as a textbook of embryology in the first year of medical studies. In 1981, during the Seventh Medical Conference in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Dr. Moore said,"It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the QUR'AN about human development. It is clear to me that these statements must have come to MUHAMMAD---sal Allahu alayhi wa sallam--- from GOD or ALLAH, because almost all of this knowledge was not discovered until many centuries later. This proves to me that MUHAMMAD---sal Allahu alayhi wa sallam--- must have been a messenger of GOD or ALLAH{The reference for this statement is the video tape titled 'This is the Truth'.For a copy of this video tape contact the Islamic Research Foundation}.
Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, U.S.A., proclaims: "... these HADITHS, sayings of MUHAMMAD---sal Allahu alayhi wa sallam--- could not have been obtained on the basis of the scientific knowledge that was available at the time of the writer (7th century).It follows that not only is there no conflict between genetics and religion (ISLAM) but in fact religion (ISLAM) may guide science by adding revelation to some of the traditional scientific approaches... there exist statements in the QUR'AN shown centuries later to be valid which support knowledge in the QUR'AN having been derived from GOD."
2. MAN CREATED FROM A DROP EMITTED FROM BETWEEN THE BACKBONE AND THE RIBS
"Now let man but think From what he is created! He is created from A drop emitted --- Proceeding from betwen The back bone and the ribs." [AL-QUR'AN 86:5-7]
In embryonic stages, the reproductive organs of the male and female, i.e. the testicles and the ovaries, begin their development near the kidney between the spinal column and the eleventh and twelfth ribs.Later they descend; the female gonads(ovaries) stop in the pelvis while the male gonads(testicles) continue their descent before birth to reach the scrotum through the inguinal canal. Even in the adult after the descent of the reproductive organ, these organs receive their nerve supply and blood supply from the Abdominal Aorta, which is in the area between the back bone(spinal column) and the ribs. Even the lymphatic drainage and the venous return goes to the same area.
3. HUMAN BEINGS CREATED FROM NUTFAH (Minute Quantity of Liquid)
The Glorious QUR'AN mentions no less than eleven times that the human being is created from 'nutfah', which means a minute quantity of liquid or a trickle